Tam sim no lub hnub nyoog ntawm ib tug poj niam hauv Lavxias tau pom los ntawm cov ntawv thiab nyob ntawm nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv, kev nplua nuj thiab kev kho mob. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb ua ntej. Txij li thaum ub hauv tebchaws Russia, cov ntxhais tau muab rau hauv kev sib yuav thaum ntxov, thaum hnub nyoog 20 tus ntxhais twb suav hais tias yog "tus nkauj nyab qub", thiab suav Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov nplua cov niam txiv yog tias thaum hnub nyoog 15 tus ntxhais tsis tau yuav txiv.
Hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, qhov teeb meem tau hloov pauv. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Arseny Mikhailovich Sitkovsky thiab tus kws tshaj lij Sergey Sergeevich Galiev ua haujlwm "Demography hauv tebchaws Lavxias", hauv Lavxias thaum xyoo 19th, hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm kev sib yuav rau cov ntxhais yog qhov qis tshaj plaws nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab nce mus txog 20.7 xyoo. Tus ntxhais yau tshaj plaws nyob hauv Dub Ntiaj Teb lub xeev - ntawm no qhov nruab nrab hnub nyoog sib yuav yog 19.3 xyoo.
Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 28 xyoo - laus lossis hluas?
Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov nyob rau hauv phau ntawv tshiab "ntxhais huab tais Ligovskaya" sau tias "tus ntxhais ntawm 17 yog qhov tsim nyog raws li tus txiv neej ntawm 25," tab sis nws hu ua "tus ntxhais" ntawm kev muaj txij nkawm, uas twb muaj hnub nyoog 28 xyoo, "tus poj niam laus. " Muaj tseeb, thaum lub sijhawm sau cov ntawv tshiab, tus sau tsuas yog 22, thiab tus poj niam "hauv qab peb caug" tej zaum zoo li nws laus.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky txhais qhov "poj niam laus" txawv, rau leej twg tus poj niam laus-pawnbroker hauv qhov tshiab "Kev Txhaum Cai thiab Kev rau Txim" yog tus poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog: nws twb muaj rau caum xyoo.
Feem ntau cov tuag
Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov muaj sia nyob hauv tebchaws Russia? Tej zaum lawv tau ua tus poj niam laus ntxov, thiab Lermontov hais yog lawm?
Tus kws tshawb txujci Belarusian Olga Olga Antonovna Emelyanchik, tau kawm txog qhov seem ntawm kev faus ntawm cov neeg muaj nyiaj nplua nuj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Polotsk hauv nws tsab xov xwm "Anthropoecological yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg ntawm Polotsk hauv 17-18th centuries", tuaj rau qhov xaus tias qhov siab tshaj plaws kev tuag ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov nroog ntawm Polotsk thiab Gora thaum lub caij 17th-17th pua yog cov menyuam yaus uas muaj hnub nyoog qis dua rau xyoo thiab yog 27%, tom qab ntawd muaj ib qho kev txo qis hauv kev tuag mus txog 20 xyoo, thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg tuag tau nce, thiab txhua txhua kaum xyoo tom ntej kev tuag yog 16,1% ntawm cov neeg, thiab tom qab tsib caug xyoo cov seem 13% tuag. Ntxiv mus, qhov muaj zog ntawm qhov kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov neeg hauv lub xeev Mogilev qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 tseem nyob zoo li qub, muaj qee qhov hloov pauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm ntawd, tus neeg ua haujlwm biologist tau qhia tias cov pej xeem tsis tau txom nyem los ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus, pom tias muaj ntshav tsis txaus nyob hauv ob peb, tab sis suav txog kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam, qhov nruab nrab lub neej tsuas yog 25 xyoo.
Cov lus xaus tau mus txog los ntawm Emelyanchik tsis cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv uas twb paub lawm ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias - lawv zoo sib xws. Muaj tseeb, qhov no kuj qhia meej me ntsis - lawv tau tuag ntxov thiab hluas, muaj ob peb tus poj niam laus, tab sis lawv txhua tus zoo ib yam. Yog li nws tsis Lermontov leej twg yog txoj cai, tab sis Dostoevsky? Thiab tus poj niam laus hauv tebchaws Russia tau raug hu ua cov neeg, raws li phau ntawv qhia txog Vajntxwv David: "Hnub ntawm peb lub xyoo, hauv lawv ntau dua xya caum xyoo, tab sis txawm nyob hauv lub zog, yim caum xyoo"?
Thaum txhua tus pojniam tu nws qab
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Vladimir Borisovich Bezgin coj nws qhov kev paub tseeb me me hauv nws phau ntawv "Peasant Txhua Hnub. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm XIX lig - thaum ntxov XX xyoo pua ", qhov uas nws sau hais tias ib tus poj niam neeg Lavxias tus poj niam yug me nyuam txij li xya txog cuaj zaug hauv nws lub neej. Tus naj npawb nruab nrab ntawm cov yug hauv lub xeev Tambov yog 6.8 npaug, tab sis kuj muaj "cov neeg tuav" uas tau yug 17 tus menyuam txhua tus. Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg hauv tsev haujlwm tub ceev xwm hauv lub xeev tau hais tias hnub nyoog 40-45, qee tus poj niam neeg yug me nyuam yug 14 lossis 16 zaug. Tab sis yog lawv cov poj niam qub? Ntshe tsis yog. Tej zaum lawv tsis saib zoo nkauj npaum li cov ntxhais hluas, tab sis lawv tau yug thiab saib xyuas cov menyuam, nqa lub luag haujlwm hauv tsev ua haujlwm thiab saib xyuas lawv tus txiv. Yog li, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia, cov poj niam laus pib suav hais tias yog cov neeg, hauv phau Vajluskub hais tias, "txhua tus pojniam tau ploj mus lawm," uas yog, cov pojniam thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho, tom qab 50-55 xyoo, thaum lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim menyuam yaus ntxiv lawm, poob kev txaus siab hauv lawv cov txiv thiab pib muaj hnub nyoog sai sai, ua kom tsis muaj zog thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tau tag nrho cov ntim ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Nws yog dab tsi los ua tus poj niam laus hauv tebchaws Russia?
Thaum tus poj niam hloov mus rau hauv pawg hnub nyoog no, qhov kev hloov pauv tsis yog ua kom pom qhov tseeb lossis hauv lub cev xim nkaus xwb. Nyob hauv cov zos, cov poj niam laus pib hnav lag ntseg, cov khaub ncaws tsaus zoo li cov sundress tsis muaj txoj hlua ntawm lub xub pwg, zapony - aprons nrog lub tes tsho, khi txoj phuam ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb, nres xaws khaub ncaws tshiab rau lawv tus kheej, hnav cov qub, thiab nres hnav cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, - tus kws sau keeb kwm Zinara Zievna Mukhina sau txog qhov no hauv nws kev ua haujlwm "Pab pawg neeg thiab hnub nyoog hauv pawg haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab ua ib txwm muaj". Qee tus poj niam laus nyob hauv tsev tau ntev li cov txwj laus, lwm tus tau txiav txim siab tsis muaj nuj nqis - qhov no nyob ntawm lawv noj qab haus huv. Txhua qhov txhia chaw thiab ib txwm, cov poj niam laus tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tuav kab tshoob kev kos thiab kev pam tuag. Cov poj niam laus tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg, uas tau hais kom hwm lawv niam lawv txiv, thiab yog tias cov menyuam yaus pib coj tus yam ntxwv tsis hwm, lawv tuaj yeem raug rub rov qab los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub hauv zej zog. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th xyoo pua, muaj ntau tus poj niam laus neeg pluag ntawm cov neeg pluag.
Qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv pawg hnub nyoog tau nyob ntawm cov poj niam zoo nkauj, ntau tus neeg "so haujlwm", tawm hauv lub nroog rau cov zos lossis pib sau memoirs, ua tsaug uas tam sim no tau nkag siab thaum muaj hnub nyoog li cas ib tug poj niam zoo siab los ua "qub. poj niam”. Piv txwv li, Countess Varvara Nikolaevna Golovina, uas nyob ntawm qhov hloov ntawm 18th thiab 19th xyoo pua, tau sau rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tias tus poj niam dhau los ua tus poj niam laus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 60 xyoo. Tom qab ntawd nws rov hais txog qee yam "qub flirt ntawm rau caum xyoo", tom qab ntawd piav qhia txog lwm tus "rau caum xyoo tus poj niam, uas nws txhais caj npab thiab txhais ceg tau tawg ntau heev ntawm ib sab," tom qab ntawd nws sau txog qhov tseeb tias ib tus poj niam laus tuaj yeem nyuaj rau nws tus kheej, tab sis rau lwm tus nws ib txwm ua haujlwm ", thiab nws tau hu nws tus txheeb ze" poj niam laus ". Cov neeg ntawm lub peev sawv cev piv rau lub hnub nyoog laus. raws li lub sijhawm thaum tus poj niam xav tau kev pab thiab "rov ua dua" los ntawm nws tsev neeg thiab menyuam, - sau txog tus kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv Anna Valerievna Belova ("Kev xav ntawm lub hnub nyoog laus los ntawm Lavxias teb sab poj niam").
Lub caij no, cov poj niam qub txeeg qub teg feem ntau nquag nquag, ua kom tiav lawv cov tsev thiab cov menyuam lub tsev thiab pib ua haujlwm tshiab. Lawv zoo kawg nkaus to taub lawv lub hnub nyoog, tab sis feem ntau siv lo lus "laus xyoo" lawv siv qhov kev hais tawm "hauv lub xyoo tsis zoo." Yog li, raws li peb pom, nyob rau hauv cov hnub qub poj niam ua "poj niam laus" ua ntej me ntsis tam sim no - los ntawm lub hnub nyoog 60 xyoo.